Logical Studies

Study and Critique of Some Definitions of the Concept of Conceivability

Mojtaba Amirkhanlou

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 1-21

Abstract

In the present article, I try to study, analyze, and criticize some definitions of the concept of conceivability. In this relatively historical study, I have put particular importance on Descartes as the representative of definitions involving "conceiving". Then, I have discussed definitions involving ... Read More

Necessary Connective and its Kinds in Sinean Logic with Analysis and Critique of some Views

Morteza Hajhosseini

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 23-48

Abstract

connective [statement] is among the foundations of Sinean logic. In the Logic of Shifa, it has been divided into evident and non-evident necessary as well as into various kinds of necessary in terms of necessity and necessary in terms of facts. Without knowing and understanding various kinds of necessary, ... Read More connective [statement] is among the foundations of Sinean logic. In the Logic of Shifa, it has been divided into evident and non-evident necessary as well as into various kinds of necessary in terms of necessity and necessary in terms of facts. Without knowing and understanding various kinds of necessary, the nature of necessary connective, its rules, its relation to various kinds of entailment in the modern logic, and the structure of necessary connective cannot be understood and known. Thus, in the present article, after providing Ibn Sina's definition for evident and non-evident necessary connective and analyzing and criticizing some views posed in this concern, I analyze views introduced by Ibn Sina and some later logicians about necessary connective in terms of necessity and in terms of facts (or, as put by Khwajah, verbal and true necessary). Then, I examine and criticize some views posed in this regard which, I think, have gone in wrong direction and got far from Ibn Sina while speaking of Ibn Sina. According to the results of the present study, firstly, division of necessary into evident and non-evident in Ibn Sina's Shifa has nothing to do with division of conditional into necessary and accidental. Secondly, in dividing necessary into evident and non-evident, Ibn Sina has relied upon the factual world and the necessary relations existing in it. Thus, it should not be thought that such a division is merely based upon logical and merely formal relations. Thirdly, according to Ibn Sina, the necessary connective statement "if five is even, then it is a number" is true in terms of necessity and false in terms of facts. Thus, the reason provided by him for falsity of this connective statement concerns facts and should not be confused with the station of necessity. Fourthly, Ibn Sina's argument for falsity of the above connective statement in terms of facts is a continuous and integrated one consisting of various steps none of which should be regarded as an independent argument. Furthermore, this argument has been stated in the language of predicative logic (and not in the language of propositional logic) and has nothing to do with the fallacy of hiding in the relevance logic. Thus, the idea that division of necessary connective into evident and non-evident corresponds to division of connective into accidental and necessary is not consistent with the contents of Shifa and the present author's interpretation of it. Nor is the idea that Ibn Sina has regarded a necessary with impossible precedent as a necessary connective in terms of necessity and thought that it is false in factual world consistent with his distinction between two stations of necessity and facts.

Distinction between Dialectical Methods of Socrates and Plato

Daryoush (Said) Darvishi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 49-76

Abstract

Dialectical method has certain roots in the Greek philosophical thought before Plato. Such roots may be traced back from Heraclitus and Parmenides to Sophists. There, the first regular uses made of it may be found in Socrates. Though, Aristotle has mistakenly introduced Xenon of Elea as the founder of ... Read More

Evaluation of the Arabic Translation of "Aristotle's Syllogistic" (Book 2)

Gholamreza Zakiani

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 77-95

Abstract

About 11 centuries after its emergence, Aristotle's Organon was translated into Arabic; and, based on such translations, scholars such as Farabi and Ibn Sina created logical works in the Islamic world. Because of these works, logic emerged and flourished among Muslims. Through analysis and evaluation ... Read More

Distinction of the Predications from the Perspective of Semantic Developments of "Predication"

Mahmoud Zeraatpisheh; ghasemali kochenani

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 97-116

Abstract

In dealing with uninvited guests as natural propositions and propositions that are based on primary essential predication, the term “predication” has undergone some semantic changes; according to the elements of “unity” and “difference” three periods may be distinguished: ... Read More

Theory of Distribution According to "John Buridan"

Mahdi Mirzapour; Gholamreza Zakiani

Volume 2, Issue 2 , September 2011, Pages 117-136

Abstract

It may be historically shown that the theory of distribution is among innovations of logicians of the later Middle Age such as William of Sherwood, Roger Bacon, Peter of Spain, William Ockham, and John Buridan. According to an applied approach, in the contemporary era, this theory has been used in educational ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 2, Issue 2 - Serial Number 4, September 2011, Pages 1-136

Study and Critique of Some Definitions of the Concept of Conceivability

Abstract

Necessary Connective and its Kinds in Sinean Logic with Analysis and Critique of some Views

Abstract

Distinction between Dialectical Methods of Socrates and Plato

Abstract

Evaluation of the Arabic Translation of "Aristotle's Syllogistic" (Book 2)

Abstract

Distinction of the Predications from the Perspective of Semantic Developments of "Predication"

Abstract

Theory of Distribution According to "John Buridan"

Abstract