Logical Studies

Abstract In answer to the Putnam problem about extensional non-determination of language terms, Millikan asks if this problem exists by a new definition of representation according to biological evidences, especially the principle of natural selection. The Millikan’s answer to this question is negative and she believes that the question should be changed to what is that feature, which turns a relation to representation-represented among numerous possible relations between words and objects? Her answer to this question is accorded to a hypothesis that is also the place of disputations and arguments in biology and has its supporters and opponents. Millikan is in the group, which has a historical view to the function and believes that the function of each entity must be defined regarding to what it supposed to do in its appearance history and dedicates the “proper” adjective to such function. The alternative hypothesis believes that the function must be defined regarding to what an entity do at the moment in equivalence to the current status. The key point of presenting the concept of “proper function” by Millikan is a redefinition of representation. In this article, we want to show that the new definition of representation is accorded to the concept of “Functure” as something completely objective, in opposed to the common view of philosophy to the representation, which take it as mental.

Abstract Early Wittgenstein separate meaning from ideas by attaching necessity to language. In his view, language has a logical structure which is a model of existing necessities in the world. He define object in a specific way to explain existing necessities in the world. At his viewpoint there is a sign for each object in possible language and each object has some possibilities to join others which the existing relations are some of those possibilities. Wittgenstein thinks logical structure of language is caused by scaffolding of world and language is meaningful just in a way of picturing the world. Without saying anything about communication between people, Wittgenstein studies how language is possible and as an answer he shows logical form. In Wittgenstein’s design of language Subject lose its position that sets function of words but objects and their possibilities to join each other take that position.

Abstract In spite of the completeness of modern propositional logic which is accepted by logicans, the compeletness of Stoic logic is a subject that is dubted. In this paper, aftet investigating various systems which are reconstructed by modern scholars for Stoic logic, the compeletness of these systems is studied and it is shown that these systems may not be satisfied Stoic standards for valid arguments. Therefore, it is wrong that the completeness of these systems is ascribed to Stoic logic. Finally, it is negated that Stoic logic is compeleted in this sense that all valid arguments may be reduced to “indemonstred”s and it is shown that in addition to “indemonstrated”s and arguments which may be reduced to “indemonstrated”s, There are some other arguments which are accepted by Stoics as valid

Abstract The "Strong Programme" in the sociology of scientific knowledge is known by Edinburgh school and the relativistic approach of this school. According to their attitude all things accounted as "knowledge", have causes that make them acceptable in the society; no matter they are right or wrong. And the sociologists have to find these causes. This program, despite weaker programs that exclude scientific knowledge, is based on the idea that social factors have a role in the formation of empirical scientific knowledge, and even mathematics and logic -- types of essential knowledge. In this article we are trying to introduce and explain Edinburgh school's thought on logic and mathematics. So, first of all we will introduce the intellectual foundations of this school, and then we will try to explain briefly its main approaches with respect to sociological aspects in mathematics and knowledge. Then we will focus on the most important and outstanding case studies and their appraisal. Finally we will bring forward some points about their theoretical approaches and present some conclusions that seem to be drawn from this discussion.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is the Horwich arguments in "Meaning, use and truth ", which is published in the Mind journal (1995). In this article, he defends the idea of Wittgenstein, use theory, in contrast to the arguments raised against the approach. Horwich focus specifically on Kripke's criticism. Kripke in his famous article "Wittgenstein on rules and private language: An elementary exposition " is trying to show that the application cannot provide the meaning. Horwich refuse Kripke argument. For this purpose, he offers both strong and weak interpretation of the premises of Kripke argument and then criticizes both. After review Horwich Criticisms on Kripke we evaluate his criticisms.

Abstract This article is an comparative study between Mulla Sadra and Tabatabai common approach regarding the efficiency of the causal argumentation, in the realm of philosophy. Mulla Sadra relying on the theory of simplicity of existence, and on which is simple have not essential definition and therefore no argument, found that the causal argumentation is not useful to existence recognition. Sadra based on the rule Zavatol Asbab, says that the Aposteriori Demonstration sometimes completely invalid, and sometimes with poor performance valid. He then weaken or even condemn the role of argument in the realm of philosophy. Then resign to antilogical approach..
Tabatabai based on three cognitive science major rule, first, deny the causal argumentation then existence recognition too. Then design a new argument, the argument by the public obligations, Molazemate Ammeh. This problem shows the inability of the essential logic in the realm of existential philosophy. This article denes the efficiency of the causal argumentation, but believes that, the theory of argument by the public obligations, Molazemate Ammeh, is the worthwhile discovery, which compensates for shortcomings of the essential logic.